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Groton Monument Association. 



CELEBRATION 

OF THE ONE HUNDRED AND TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE 

BATTLE OF GROTON HEIGHTS. 



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Groton Monument Association. 



CELEBRATION 

OF THE ONE HUNDRED AND TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE 

BATTLE OF GROTON HEIGHTS. 



FIRST DECENNIAL COMMEMORATION 
SECOND CENTURY. 



^jj3i^«^5^ 




NEW LONDON, CONN. 

MOKNING TELEGRAPH PRESS. 

1891. 






18©0-^©1. 
OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 

PRESIDENT. 
Erasmus D. A very. 

VICE PEESIDENTS. 
Frederick Bill, William H. Allen, 

Thomas A. Miner, Nelson H. Burrows, 

Thomas F. Morgan, Lorenzo D. Baker, 

Henry Bill, Elisha A. Hewitt, 

John T. Wait, Ida S. Baker, 

Robert A. Gray, Clara B. Whitman, 

Henry Larrabee. 

SECRETARY, pro tern, AND TREASURER. 
Philo Little. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
Benjamin Stark, Chairman. 
Frederick Bill, Lorenzo D. Baker, 

Christopher L. Avery, Nathan S. Fish. 





V. ( 



Prefatory Note. 



The Battle of Groton Heights, fought September 6, 1781, 
on a commanding hill upon the left or eastern bank of the 
Thames River, opposite the town of New London (which at 
that hour was wrapped in flames from Arnold's torches ) was 
a memorable and momentous action, second only to Bunker 
Hill, perhaps, in its decisive consequences. 

Its immediate result, like that of Bunker Hill, was defeat 
for the patriots upon the actual field. Yet, as the defeat 
suffered by Putnam and Prescott, on those Charleston heights 
across the water from Boston, was accounted a virtual victory 
in its effect upon the British troops and the ensuing cam- 
paign, so the reverse endured by Colonel Ledyard on Groton 
Heights — with the sacrifice of his own life and the hves of so 
many among his intrej)id, unconquerable followers — became 
practically a triumph over the enemy. It stopped Benedict 
Arnold's inroad upon Connecticut, led to his withdrawal, and 
foiled Clinton's plans. 

Thus the gallant opposition of the Americans at Bunker's 
( or Breed's ) Hill, ending with retreat, in the beginning of the 
Revolution, was fitly supplemented by their fellow American 
volunteers of Connecticut, toward the end of the war, in that 
brave stand made within Fort Griswold at Groton, which 
ended in devoted massacre. The scenes of these two battles 
form harmonious pendants in the broad gallery of thought 
wherein our national memory cherishes pictures of the mar- 
tial and self-sacrificing deeds done by our sires. 

In course of time the anniversary of this heroic struggle 



came to be observed with patriotic and commemorative cere- 
monies every year. On one of these occasions, in 1879, the 
Groton Monument Association, which had received custodian- 
ship of the granite shaft erected in honor of the martyrs, near 
the old fort, appointed a committee to " make arrangements 
for the One Hundredth Anniversary " of the battle ; namely, 
in 1881. An account of the work done by this committee, 
and by the large number of ladies and gentlemen who were 
called to aid it, may be found in the substantial and interest- 
ing volume on the Battle of Groton Heights compiled by 
William W. Harris, revised, enlarged with notes and published 
by Charles Allyn (New London, 1882). That work, also, 
chronicles the superb success which crowned the labors of the 
Centennial Committee. Liberal sums were appropriated for 
their use, by Congress and the Legislature of Connecticut ; a 
number of United States war-ships assisted in the celebration ; 
and the National Guard of Connecticut took part with veterans 
of the Union Army, in a brilliant and realistic sham fight 
which reproduced the manoeuvres of the Americans and 
British with historical accuracy. Manj'- thousands of citizens 
gathered from all quarters to watch this imposing spectacle, 
and to listen to the oration, poems aud addresses which were 
delivered in a great tent spread on the hill-top. 

Believing with George Bancroft that the courage and love 
of country shown by Ledyard and his comrades " should be 
celebrated not only at the end of a century, but of a thousand 
years," yet realizing, perhaps, that enthusiasm, like powder, 
should be stored for use at the most effective moment — the 
Monument Association wisely resolved, in the year of this 
great celebration, that the day should be commemorated here- 
after, not annually, but once in ten years. 

The first decennial celebration, therefore, took place in 1891. 



The writer of this Prefatory Note, having been asked 
to arrange for pubHcation the records of the First Decennial 
Celebration in the Second Century, submits them herewith to 
those whose patriotism, sincere though undemonstrative, may 
prompt them to keep such mementoes and to continue, in 
coming times, the tribute due to our Revolutionary heroes. 
GEORGE PARSONS LATHROP. 

New London, October, 1891. 



FIRST DECENNIAL COMMEMORATION 

In the Second Century since the Battle of Groton 

Heights. 

[One Hundred and Tenth Anniversary, Celebrated Sept. 8, 1891.] 



In 1889, a Special Committee of the Groton Monument 
Association was appointed to report at the next Annual Meeting 
" a plan for a suitable commemoration of the Battle of Groton 
Heights, on the 6th of September, 1891. " 

In 1890 the Special Committee, thus empowered, made by 
its chairman, Benjamin Stark, the following report : 

" Resolved, that the Groton Monument Association, incor- 
porated by the Commonwealth of Connecticut, and charged with 
the care and preservation of the Monument erected by the State 
on Groton Heights in memory of the noble men who were killed 
in Fort Griswold on the 6th of September, 1781— and by all 
appropriate means to perpetuate the memory of their heroic 
sacrifices — will, at the next annual meeting of the Association, 
on the 6th of September, 1891, commemorate with public exer- 
cises the First Decennial Anniversary in the Second Century of that 
immortal day in the annals of Connecticut ; a day of such mo- 
mentous consequences in the struggle of the United Colonies for 
Liberty and Independence. 

"Resolved, that Benjamin Stark, John T. Wait and Nathan 
S. Fish be and they are hereby appointed a Committee to 
prepare and present to the next General Assembly of the State 
a memorial requesting said General Assembly to appropriate 

$_ to aid in defraying the expenses incurred by the 

Association in the commemoration of said First Decennial Anni- 
versary, and to invite the Governor, escorted by the Governor's 
Guards, to be present on said day and review such portion of 
the State National Guard as may deem it expedient to assemble 
under arms, to participate in the services of the day. " 



" Resolved, that Christopher L. Avery, Frederic Bill, Nathan 
S. Fish and E. A. Hewitt of the town of Groton ; George F. 
Tinker, William Belcher, Philip C. Dunford and Walter Learned 
of the town of New London ; John T. Wait, Solomon Lucas, Henry- 
Bill and Gardiner Greene, Jr., of the town of Norwich; Rich- 
ard A. Wheeler and Ephraim Williams of the town of Stoning- 
ton ; John Brewster of the town of Ledyard ; James Allyn of 
the town of Waterford ; and Charles S. Johnson of the town of 
Montville be and they are hereby invited and authorized in be- 
half of the Association to act as a General Committee to carry 
out the purposes set forth in the foregoing Resolutions. 

'"And that the President of the Association, Erasmus D, 
Avery, be made and he is hereby appointed Chairman of said 
Committee. 

" And as said public exercises in commemoration of said 
Anniversary are, in contemplation of said resolution, to occur 
hereafter but once in ten years, that said Committee be request- 
ed to make this Decennial Commemoration, to the best of their 
ability and the pecuniary means placed at their dis]30sal, worthy 
of its patriotic and hallowed associations." 

The report was adopted; and the General Committee was 
authorized to fill any vacancies that might occur in said Com- 
mittee by death, resignation or declination to serve thereon, and 
in its discretion, by a majority of all the members thereof, from 
time to time, to add to its numbers. 

In 1891, on the 22d of July, the General Committee met in 
the Council Chamber of the City Hall in the City of New Lon- 
don, and organized by the appointment of Benjamin Stark as 
Chairman of the Committee, in place of Erasmus D. Avery, who 
by reason of his age and infirmity declined to serve. Philo Little 
of Groton was elected Secretary of the Committee. 

Walter Learned, George F. Tinker and Solomon Lucas were 
appointed a committee on Literary Exercises. 

On the 22d of July, pursuant to adjournment, the commit- 
tee met and completed its organization by the appointment of 
the following committees : 



On Invitation and Reception. 
Walter Learned, N. S. Fish, James Allyn, Richard A.Wheeler 
and Charles S. Johnson. 

On Finance. 
Frederic Bill, William Belcher and Gardiner Greene, Jr, 

Ok Gkounds. 
Nathan S. Fish, E. A. Hewitt and Ephraim Williams. 

On Transportation. 

Philip C. Dunford, John Brewster and E. A. Hewitt. 

Again, on the 26th of August, the committee met, pursuant 
to adjournment. It then received and adopted the reports of the 
several committes, and approved the final arrangements planned 
for the public exercises, as embodied in an " Order of Exercises" 
prepared by the chairman of the general committee. 

Unfortunately, the disputed election of 1890, for Governor 
and other executive officers of the commonwealth, and the 
" deadlock" which ensued between the Senate and the House of 
Representatives of the Connecticut Legislature of 1891, made it 
impossible to apply for that appropriation from the State, which 
the general committee had originally hoped to obtain. The 
funds needed for carrying out a proper observance of the day 
were, therefore, raised by contribution from a small number of 
friends of the cause. The amount of money at the disposal of 
the committee was inevitably somewhat limited, notwithstand- 
ing the cordial and generous co-operation of these friends. But, 
as the event proved, their support was rewarded by a dignified, 
picturesque and enthusiastic celebration, of the sort which it so 
well deserved. 

The commandant of Fort Trumbull, also, by lending a 
company of regulars of the United States Artillery, and the 
senior officer of the North Atlantic Squadron anchored in the 
harbor — who sent ashore a company of marines and three hun- 
dred blue jackets equipped as infantry, to take part in the cere- 
monies and parade — added to the occasion, through their cour- 
tesy, its finest element of display. 



9 

The 6th of September falling, this year, on Sunday, it was 
resolved by the committee to hold the appointed exercises on 
the following day. In consequence of heavy rain on Monday, 
however, the proceedings were postponed until the next morn- 
ing. Owing to this unavoidable change, the New London bat- 
talion of the National Guard, which was to have paraded on 
Monda}!^ (a legal holiday), could not be mustered to join in the 
celebration. 

The exercises occurred at 11 A. M. on Tuesday, September 
8th, according to the programme which is printed below : 

Order of Exercises. 

Dirge, Third Regiment Band, C. N. G. 

Invocation, Rev. N. T. Allen, Chaplain Third Regiment, 
C. N. G. 

National Air, Third Regiment Band, C. N. G. 

Address, Rev. A. J. McLeod, Pastor Groton Congregational 
Church. 

National Air, Third Regiment Band, C. N. G. 

Poem, Mrs. Rose Hawthorne Lathrop, read by George 
Parsons Lathrop, Esq. 

Anthem — America, led by Groton Choir. 

1 My country ! 'tis of thee, 
Sweet land of liberty, 

Of thee we sing : 
Land where my fathers died ! 
Land of the Pilgrims' pride ! 
From every mountain side 

Let freedom ring ! 

2 My native country, thee — 
Land of the noble free — 

Thy name — I love ; 
I love thy rocks and rills, 
Thy woods and templed hills ; 
My heart with rapture thrills 

Like that above. 

3 Let music swell the breeze, 
And ring from all the trees 

Sweet freedom's song : 
Let mortal tongues awake ; 
Let all that breathe partake ; 
Let rocks their silence break, — 

The sound prolong. 



10 

4 Our fathers' God ! to thee, 
Author of liberty, 

To thee we sing : 
Long may our land be bright 
With freedom's holy light ; 
Protect us by thy might, 

Great God, our King ! 

Auld Lang Syne, Third Regiment Band, C. N. G. 

Benediction, Rev. Wm. L. Peck, Episcopal Church, Groton. 

The subjoined description of the events of the day is re- 
printed from the New London Morning Telegraph of Wednesday, 
September 9, 1891 : 

TBffi ONE HUNDRED AND TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GROTON 

MASSACRE. 

A more agreeable day than dawned on the public yesterday 
could not have been desired for the Groton commemorative 
exercises. Had Monday been as well favored by nature, there 
would have been a thousand people where there were a hundred 
yesterday, and the military display would have been of a more 
imposing character. But as it was, the projectors of the exer- 
cises have no reason to complain. The programme was carried 
out on the first lines, and everything passed off most happily 
and most successfully. The attendance was larger than was ex- 
pected for a working day, and many came a great distance to be 
present at the exercises. It was, of course, Groton 's day, and the 
population of the town were out doors where they could best 
witness what was going on. Aside from the exercises there was 
the novelty of seeing several companies of blue-jackets in line — 
a rare spectacle even in this seaport town of naval distinction. 

The military bodies participating were the battery from 
Fort Trumbull, under command of Lieut. Catlin, a company of 
marines from the U. S. S. Philadelphia, and five companies of 
blue-jackets from the three warships, the Philadelphia, Petrel 
and Enterprise, all under command of Lieut. J. C. Fremont, of 
the Philadelphia; the officers of the New London Naval Sta- 
tion ; veterans of W. W. Perkins Post, Col. W. H. Bentley in 
command ; and members of the Loyal Legion, 0, U. A. M., 
George W. Randall, captain. Could the celebration have taken 



11 

place Monday, to this military contingent would have been 
added the companies of the local battalion of the Third Regi- 
ment, C. N. G., and uniformed civic societies. The music was 
by the Third Regiment band, E. A. Colby, leader, and the Ma- 
rine band of the Philadelphia, G. Savasta, leader. 

Col. George Haven, of the Third, was chief marshal, with 
Lieut. W. E. Pendleton as aid. 

The marines and blue-jackets landed in Groton from their 
large barge in tow of launches, and the military from this side of 
the river crossed on the 10. 30 trip of the Uncas. Immediately 
on arrival in Groton the line for parade was formed on Thames 
street in the following order : 

Third Regiment Band; Battery L, Second Artillery, Fort 
Trumbull ; Band of U. S. S. Philadelphia ; Company of Ma- 
rines; Three Hundred Blue-jackets; Perkins Post, G. A. R.; 
Fort Griswold Commandery, L. L., 0. U. A. M. : Hon. Benjam- 
in Stark, chairman executive committee, Rev. A. J. McLeod, 
orator of the day; Commodore Fyffe and Paymaster Martin of 
the New London Naval Station, Commander Pigman, Lieut. 
McKenzie and naval staff in carriages. 

The route was down Thames to Broad, up Broad to Monu- 
ment, to the fort. The preparation for the exercises within the 
fort consisted of the erection of a canvas-covered, flag-draped 
platform and the placing of seats in front of the audience. A 
large number of spectators had already secured seats of advan- 
tage from which to witness the exercises. 

On the platform were seated Benjamin Stark, the chairman of 
the executive committee, who was to preside over the exercises ; 
Rev. A. J. McLeod, who was to deliver the oration; George 
Parsons Lathrop and Mrs. Lathrop, the former to read the poem 
written by Mrs. Lathrop ; Rev. N. T. Allen, who was to deliver 
the invocation ; Rev. William L. Peck, who was to give expres- 
sion to the benediction at the close of the exercises ; Frederick 
Bill, the president of the association, who was elected the day 
previous to succeed E. D. Aver}^ resigned on account of ill 
health ; Judge Richard A. Wheeler, of Stonington, who was 



12 

president of the association ten years ago when the centenary- 
celebration was held; K A. Gray, who succeeded Mr. 
Wheeler as president ; Mayor George F. Tinker of New London ; 
Deacon Chester, a native of and former resident of Groton, now 
residing in Washington ; Asa Lathrop, 2d, Jonathan Trumbull, 
of Norwich ; Elisha H. Palmer of Montville, Nathan S. Fish, 
Philo Little, Commodore Fyffe and other naval officers, and sev- 
eral ladies. 

In front and facing the platform were several rows of seats 
placed there for the benefit of the audience. On the sloping 
sides of the fort, hundreds, either standing or seated, were in 
convenient distance to observe all that was done and hear all 
that was said. 

When the exercises were about to open after the arrival of 
the military, the scene presented inside the fort was one that 
would interest any spectator. Drawn up in line at the rear of 
the seats and facing the platform were the regulars from Fort 
Trumbull. At their right was the Third Regiment band. Back 
of the regulars was the company of marines from the U. S. ,S. 
Philadelphia and the Marine band ; behind were the five com- 
panies of blue-jackets, and on all sides were the spectators. It 
was a scene that an artist would have delighted to portray. 

THE EXERCISES AT THE FORT. 

The exercises began a few minutes after 11 o'clock with a 
dirge by the Third Regiment band, and when the music had 
ceased Mr. Stark advanced to the front of the platform and said : 
"On behalf of the Groton Monument Association, and in the ab- 
sence of the president, the pleasant duty devolves upon me as 
chairman of the executive committee, to extend a most cordial 
welcome to those assembled to-day to do honor to the brave 
men who laid down their lives on this hallowed spot in defense 
of the liberties of America. They put their trust in God and 
though slain they were not confounded. Their successors to the 
latest generation, who shall enjoy the liberties which they helped 
to achieve, may and ought to exclaim, * We will magnify Thee, 
oh Lord, and exalt Tliy name forever, for the great things which 




'^\:&'>i-cCt^^uj, 





13 

Thou didst for our fathers in their day and generation. ' It was 
appropriate on this solemn occasion that the ceremonies should 
begin by invoking His holy name. Rev. N. T. Allen, chaplain 
of the Third regiment, commenced the exercises by reading 
a portion of holy scripture and invoke the divine blessing. " 

The veteran chaplain of the Third then advanced to the 
edge of the platform, and asked that God might with kindliness 
look upon the people here assembled. He read Scripture ex- 
tracts that were appropriate to the commemorative exercises, and 
then gave way to Mr. Stark, who introduced Rev. A. J. Mc- 
Leod, the pastor of the Groton Congregational church, to whom 
fell the duty of delivering the address. 

In the course of Mr. Stark's introduction he said : " There 
were eighty-five victims on that deplorable day, and of this 
number sixty men and boys were from the town of Groton, 
most of whom were members of the Groton Congregational 
church. It is a felicitous circumstance on this occasion that the 
address will be delivered by the present pastor of the ancient 
church, whom I now introduce." 

Rev. Mr. McLeod then read from manuscript his well- 
prepared and most interesting address. 

Oration Delivered by Rev. A. J. McLeod, 

Mr. President and Fellow Citizens : 

I am pleased to meet an assembly like this on this Decen- 
nial day, convened for the purpose of keeping fresh in the mem- 
ory one of the most remarkable events in our nation's history. 
The day belongs not to a local issue, to a partial interest how- 
ever sacred that issue or interest may be in itself The day, the 
event, is national, and should be so considered, and when 
celebrated so celebrated. The battle of Groton fleights com- 
memorates one of the most important events in our revolution- 
ary struggle, allied as it is so closely with Yorktown. But why 
it may be asked, commemorate these acts of more than a hundred 
years ago. I answer, for this reason : Our revolutionary 
struggle not only marks the birth of this now mighty nation, 
but it also marks an era in the ascendancy of the intellectual 
over the physical in man. It marks the period when no lonjrer 



14 

the tallest, but the wisest should govern. Our ancestors were 
never vassals, they were English gentlemen, occupying high 
social positions, persons of wealth and intelligence ; they were 
the men who stood with the foremost men of every nation ; and 
we must not look upon them as some of the English looked 
upon them in the days of the Eevolutionary War, and now 
would if they dare, as felons banished from their country, but 
we must look upon them as English gentlemen. Had England 
been wise and allowed Patrick Henry, or George Washington, 
or any of that noble galaxy of men whose names are a house- 
hold word, as they are enrolled on that inspiring document, the 
Declaration of Independence, to represent the colonies in the 
parliament of Great Britain, there would have been no revolu- 
tion, and these states to-day would have been the richest 
possession of the English crown. But our fathers were men of 
renown and determination who fully appreciated their rights ; 
for which they declared, for themselves and their posterity, that 
where there is no represention there shall be no taxation. 
Denied representation, they withheld taxation ; they asserted the 
rights of freemen ; they announced the ultimate principles of 
human rights, and thus inaugurated the grandest political era 
in the annals of time. 

The main interest of American history has naturally 
enough accumulated around the crisis which formally divorced 
us from the mother land. In the contemplation of this period 
our attention is often diverted from the true date and origin of 
American liberty. The Declaration of 1776 asserted our inde- 
pendence, but did not by any means create it; neither the 
sentiment in the minds of the states nor the reality in their 
institutions. 

Both the sentiments and the institutions of the country were as 
essentially democratic two hundred years ago as they are to-day. 
They were the natural outgrowth of the soil. Other sentiments 
or institutions unfriendly to liberty could never gain foothold on 
these shores. 

In the first organization of their legislative assemblies, the 
prophetic sense of the colonists resisted the encroachments of 



15 

their rulers. For, said they, "the waves of the sea do not more 
certainly waste the shore, than the minds of ambitious men are 
led to invade the liberties of their brethren." And in justice to 
them and in the spirit of their comparison, we may say that the 
stern and rock-bound coast does not more surely repel the 
advancing surge than the stern and sturdy souls of the Pilgrims 
repelled the advances of civil usurpation. The causes which led 
to our separation would hardly have been deemed sufficient had 
not the people been ripe for independence. The stamp, act, 
which the stern resistance of our fathers forced the British 
government to repeal before it could fairly take effect, however 
odious in its principle, was not so threatening in its consequences 
that the citizens of Boston should have ushered it in with the 
ringing of bells and funeral orations to departed liberty. The 
addition of three pence a pound on tea could hardly be consid- 
ered a national calamity. The nation would have pocketed the 
injustice indemnifying themselves as best they might. But 
they had breathed the air of freedom for over a century and a 
half, and they did not propose to submit to any English 
oppression. They were already independent ; they always had 
been so, ever since Smith and Carver, and Winthrop and 
Williams had labored. It was for the sake of this independence 
they had braved the perils of the deep and the greater perils of 
the wilderness. With a great sum they had obtained this free- 
dom and they had no intention of selling it cheaply. They 
were already independent ; they always had been, God willing? 
they always meant to be ; and when the decisive moment came 
they had nothing to do but to declare their intention. 

I now turn from the causes which led to the great act, to 
the act itself, and to-day it is only necessary for me to call your 
attention to a few leading facts, knowing as I do the history of 
the revolutionary struggle is familiar to you all. Passing then 
as I do, much that is national, I come to that which belongs to 
us as a state, as a community. The Connecticut authorities had 
been indefatigable in raising and provisioning troops, and her 
people had been equally earnest in offering their services from 
the beginning. In the number of the men contributed she stood 



16 

second of the states, with her 31,936 men, Massachusetts being 
first Tvith her 67,907. Many of these men have left their names 
enrolled in the history of fame. There is Jonathan Trumbull, 
the revolutionary governor, known in history as "Brother Jona- 
than," Israel Putnam, "who dared to lead where any dared to 
follow," Huntington of Norwich, Terry of Enfield, and others 
almost too numerous to mention. Washington spoke of the 
Connecticut brigade "as composed of as fine a body of men as 
any in the army." In almost all cases Connecticut men were 
drafted into service outside of the state to make good the defi- 
ciency of less zealous states. 

New London and vicinity had long been regarded by the 
British with especial enmity. The people of this vicinity were 
intensely patriotic. Large quantities of supplies were stored 
here, and its beautiful harbor, which is our pride and glory, 
afforded a safe refuge for the largest ships. Privateers were here 
fitted out, which showed the greatest bravery and accompUshed 
grand results. It was a time when about every community had 
to maintain the defence of its own border, and in order to do 
this she must rid herself of her foes within. Consequently the 
crown Tories were driven to Long Island, while the Long Island 
Whigs crossed into Connecticut, and so the waters of the Sound 
were harassed by almost continual skirmishing. When the 
French forces were quartered within the state her people enjoyed 
a season of comparative tranquility. When they were with- 
drawn for the march on Yorktown, which had been planned by 
General Washington and the French leaders, the state was left 
as usual, almost unsupported. 

Let me for a moment call your attention to the relation of the 
British and American armies at this time. The enemy was transfer- 
ring the war to the south. Their plan was to begin south and con- 
quer northward. Then in case the}'^ were forced to make peace,they 
hoped to be able to keep the southern territory, belie\ang that a 
part would be better than none ; and about the first of August^ 
Cornwallis went to Yorktown intending to permanently estab- 
lish himself; and so confident was he that he could hold his position 
that on the 22nd of August he wrote Sir Henrv Clinton at New 



17 

York, offering to send him 1,000 or 1,200 men to assist against 
the aUied forces (Americans and French) under Washington. 

It was just at this critical juncture that Washington received 
the glorious news that Count DeGrasse had left St. Domingo 
with twenty-five or thirty ships, and his first landing would be 
on the shores of the Chesapeake. Washington immediately 
sent a messenger to Lafayette informing him of this, and telling 
him to stop by all means any effort on the part of Comwallis 
fi-om retreating into North Carolina. It was also at this time, 
and there seems to be no reason for it, Comwallis assisted in this 
very movement by concentrating all his forces in the immediate 
vicinity of Yorktown; so that the French commanders on 
shipboard could watch his every movement. Washington now, 
to keep Clinton alarmed for the safety of New York, concen- 
trated his forces up the Hudson, which led to the beUef he was 
to move immediately on that city, but instead of this he starts 
secretly for Virginia, that he may capture Comwallis and his 
army. 

The movements of the American army at this time are ex- 
ceedingly rapid. Passing through Jersey the army reaches the 
Delaware before Clinton had time to think of what he was 
doing. As soon as Clinton realized Washington's movements 
he called a council of his generals, and they unanimously con- 
curred that the only thing for them to do was to go to the succor 
of Comwallis. And here is a difficult question to settle. Was 
it Clinton's intention to reach Virginia by way of New London, 
or did he purpose checking any re-enforcements from New Eng- 
land. One thing is certain ; and that is it had been the intention 
of Tryon's expedition, in 1779, against New Haven, Fairfield 
and Norwalk, to include New London. But Wayne's capture of 
Stony Point changed the basis of action. Another thing is true • 
and that is, by the Tories this vicinity was hated. It was rightly 
regarded a dangerous place. It contained at that moment a 
great store of supplies. The ship Hannah had just been brought 
into port, a prize worth $400,000. Doubtless all of these things 
combined, and the fact also Benedict Arnold (whose name 
I disdain mentioning, as the bare mention of the name gives it 



18 

a prominence which it should never have unless it be in con- 
tempt) was idle and impatient. He, a native of Norwich, knew 
the country around New London well, and its defenceless con- 
dition was no secret to him. Two forts had been thrown up, 
Fort Trumbull, and Fort Griswold in which we are at this time 
assembled. The former. Fort Trumbull, was open at the rear 
and had a garrison of but twenty-three men, who were ordered 
to retreat to Groton, or Fort Griswold, at the approach of 
danger. Colonel William Ledyard was in command of both 
forts. Arnold's landing on the 6th of September seems to have 
been a surprise. True, the people had been informed that late 
the night before a large fleet had been seen sailing close under 
Long Island shore; but many a fleet had sailed the Sound 
during the war and passed New London, and so, thinking no 
harm was nigh, they retired as usual. Day dawned, and what 
was the astonishment of the people to see eight war ships ready 
to enter the harbor. The signal was given which was to call the 
people to arms, but a Tory had given Arnold the signal, and so 
he was enabled to counteract it. Ledyard sent messengers into 
the country to carry the alarm, and knowing the character of 
the people we are justified in saying, that as Paul Revere on his 
foaming horse rode on the 19th of April, 1775, so rode those 
brave men on September 6th, 1781. For Colonel Ledyard 
hoped that the people from the country would arrive in season 
to help him defend this fort, as he had resolved, come what 
would, to hold it. If this be not true I fail to see the force 
of those immortal words of his, "If I must to-day lose honor or 
life, you who know me well can tell which it wiU be. " Fort 
Trumbull was taken with a rush. The twenty -three men under 
Captain Shapley had only time to fire one round, spike their 
guns, leap into their boats, and start for this fort, where Colonel 
Ledyard was in command. Arnold hastened on to the town 
and began his congenial work of burning and plundering. On 
this side of the river, at the same time, a brave fight was going 
on. Fort Griswold was a much stronger fort than Trumbull. 
Its walls were then ten feet high, with a deep ditch outside, and 
there were within one hundred and fiftj' men, most of them 



19 

farmers and citizens of the patriotic town, who had seized their 
guns and hastened to defend the fort when they heard the 
booming of the cannon. Colonel Eyre had landed at Eastern 
Point with eight hundred men, about the same time Colonel 
Robinson landed with his men on the New London side. These 
men, by ledges used as a shelter, had gotten within a few 
hundred feet of the fort. It is now "high twelve," and Colonel 
Eyre sends a white flag toward the fort demanding uncon- 
ditional surrender. Colonel Ledyard summons his officers. 
Captains Averj^ Stanton and Williams. Defend the fort they 
say ; and the officer goes back with this message, only to return 
with another that, "unless you surrender no quarter will be 
given." Captain Shapley has now reached the fort with his few 
who had survived the British attack, and so Colonel Ledyard 
sends out the reply of the brave men : "We shall not surrender 
let the consequences be what they may. " Colonel Eyre prepares 
to advance. He will, as the commander who has just taken 
Fort Trumbull, make a rush, leap the ditch; climb the wall and 
get inside the fort before they can reload, after their firing once. 
But he knew not his men. Captain Halsey is standing by an 
eighteen pounder. He is an old sailor and been in many a fight. 
He rams home two bags fall of grape shot. The British move 
toward the fort. The captain runs his eye along the cannon ; 
they are in range. Bang ! goes the cannon, the air is filled 
with shot and twenty men go down. From every available spot 
fire goes forth. The ground is strewed with killed and wounded. 
Major Montgomery now commands, and his men rush into the 
ditch ; they are so near the cannon cannot harm them. In 
order now to enter the fort they must tear away the pickets, 
which run out fi'om the walls over the ditch. Major Montgom- 
ery, a brave officer, attempts to climb the pickets and falls 
mortally wounded into the ditch upon the heads of his men. 
But it is a battle of seven to one. Soon British soldiers are seen 
leaping from the parapet, unbowing the gate and rushing in. Col. 
Eyre and Major Montgomery having fallen, Major Bromfield 
commands ; and so, upon entering the fort, shouts, "Who com- 
mands here ? " "I did, but you do now," is Ledyard's reply, 



20 

handing him his sword. Bromfield, infuriated by the unex- 
pected slaughter, plunges it to the hilt into Ledyard's breast. 
With such an example from one in authority, the soldiers' 
instincts came out at their worst. I say instinct (for a British 
soldier is only an animal), the defenders were bayoneted wherever 
they sought refuge, until all but about twenty-five of the one 
hundred and fifty were killed or desperately wounded. For the 
credit of humanity let it be said, one British ofiicer cried, "Stop ! 
In the name of God stop ! My soul can't bear it ! " But the 
fire of rage only did stop for the want of material. The 
wounded were next collected into a cart, rolled down the hill 
among rocks and stumps, I believe for the amusement of the 
soldiers. Although many will not agree with me in this, they 
believe the intention was to carry the wounded safely, but the 
steepness of the hill being such they could not control it, and so 
in order to save their lives were forced to let it go. Be this as it 
may, Sir Henry Clinton thus endorses the massacre : "The 
assault of Fort Griswold will impress the enemy with every 
apprehension of the ardor of British troops, and will hereafter 
be remembered with the greatest honor to the Fortieth and 
Forty-fourth regiments. Major Bromfield was promoted for his 
conduct." So the massacre was indorsed by the general, by the 
ministers and by the king. The plea had been offered that the laws 
of war allowed military executions of this sort upon a fort 
which persisted in a hopeless defence ; but this point of the 
laws of war has probably never been so strained before as in 
this case, and in every event the wounded have been exempt. 
It has also been said in extenuation, that it was the outgrowth 
of the treatment the Tories received from the Loyalists. But 
who was the author of these stories of hard treatment? Rev. 
Samuel Peters, a Tory clergyman. But this man is also author 
of the statement that "the waters of the Connecticut River run 
so swift at Bellows Falls that an iron crowbar cannot be forced 
into them, but floats on the surface;" that "the inhabitants of 
Windham, alarmed at the noise of an invading army, kept 
watch all night and found in the morning a flying column of 
frogs on the Avay to the water," and a mass of other lies the 
devil himself would be proud to fiither. 



21 

As Arnold passed out of New London, the revolutionary 
struggle in this state passed with him, and the impression 
made upon the whole army was that hereafter no quarter was 
to be given by the British. This so fired the heart of every 
man in the army that with Patrick Henry he said, "Give me 
liberty or give me death," and with this spirit they marched 
on to Yorktown. The result of that march and the spirit of 
those men compelled Lord Cornwallis, forty-three days after- 
wards, to lay down his arms at the feet of General Washington. 
And thus it was, as Gen, Sherman said at our Centennial, "The 
battle of Groton Heights gave us Yorktown." With the 
surrender of Yorktown the British lost all hope of conquering 
America. 

But two years more must pass before England would 
recognize her as a free and independent nation. And so, in 
order to establish the Declaration of Independence and to secure 
to mankind a government of the people and for the people, the 
only government of the kind ever known to the world, seven 
years of untold sufferings and hardships were absolutely 
necessary. 

I now turn from the great act to the actors, and here one 
is sometimes perplexed to know whom to place at the head. It 
was John Adams who, on the 15th of June, 1775, nominated 
George Washington to command all the continental forces raised 
and to be raised for the defence of American liberty. It was 
upon that nomination the father of his country was unani- 
mously elected. It has, I know, been said that great events make 
great men, but in this case I think it can be said that great men 
were created for the times, and the events simply called forth 
that which had been lying dormant. For if ever in the history 
of a nation a council of great men assembled, it was the first 
congress of this nation, Washington, Adams, Jefierson, Hancock. 
Franklin, and others I might name. Athens, Rome, Sparta had 
their great men. Some gained their distinctions by war, some 
by letters, others by mere chance, but it would be waste of time 
for me to prove that the spirit which prompted Washington and 
his copatriots were of that nature. In them I see an active 



22 

intellect associated with extraordinary moral susceptibilities, 
exerting the will to its utmost daring flights, and sustaining it 
under its severest trials, imparting energy, zeal, vigor and life to 
the whole moral man. As leaders, in my humble judgment, 
they stand unrivalled in history. To lead in the establishment 
of a new order of things, in which a perfect unity of design 
shall be evident amidst a vast complexit}^ of arrangements, to 
define with accuracy and perspicuity the reciprocal relations of 
rights and duties in and between individuals and societies ; to 
adjust the different powers and orders of a new system with 
such skill that every component part shall possess a peculiar 
orbit of action, in which the most desirable freedom may be ex- 
ercised without danger of infringing upon any other portion, so 
as to almost preclude the possibility of mistake ; to provide for 
the wants and necessities of all classes of citizens of all countries, 
times, places and circumstances, and to breathe into the whole 
the breath of life, and stamp it with the impress of immobilit}'-, 
is a work which demands the resources of grand intellects, sur- 
passing far that of a Solon, a Lycurgus and a Numa. 

The vitality which these geniuses imparted to the system is 
a living derhonstration of their superior intellect. Every day 
exhibits fresh accumulating evidence of that vitality. It grows 
with the growth of our country and strengthens with our 
strength. The century past has not written a wrinkle upon it. 
But to obtain it, oh ! how much precious blood had to be shed. 
Ledyard and Avery, Babcock and Bailey and a host of others 
must "jeopard their lives unto the death in the high places of 
the field." An attempt to analyze the characters of the Christian 
hero and his followers who fell in this fort would require more 
time than I have at command. But from what I have learned 
through different sources, and his own words, alreadv quoted, as 
he stepped on board the boat at Fort Trumbull to cross the 
river lor this fort, "If I must to-day lose honor or life you who 
know me well can tell which it will be," I believe him to have 
been a man that did not know how to cease doing and suffering 
for what he believed and knew to be right. Prompted by no 
mean or sordid purpose, he united with all the generosity of liis 



nature a will that was ready and prompt, that decided while 
others were debating, and acted while others were deciding, 
driven by no fears of intimidation in the pursuit of that which 
he had adopted ; and with all the effectiveness of purpose was a 
woman's gentleness. Heroic elements were in his character. 
For in his generous qualities were united a strong Christian 
faith, and the present generation loves to point to him as one of 
the most heroic characters of the heroic age of American history. 
Time fails me to dwell on the host of hero martyrs who were 
brutally butchered. But if ever the words of David could be 
appropriately applied to any people they can be here : "The 
beauty of Israel (God's chosen) slain upon thy high places." I 
venture to say, in the long history of the world, there never fell 
a people to whom a monument was more appropriate, than the 
one that stands pointing heavenward on these heights, "Where 
once the embattled farmers stood, and fired the shot "heard 
round the world." And my prayer is that as long as mortar 
will hold stones together, this monument may stand proclaiming 
to future generations the wrongs of those who suffered, and the 
valor and glory of those who fell. 

0, how that day clings to the memory ! Why it is the sign 
and the symbol of the strife and valor and victory, as I have 
said, which followed at Yorktown. As high as Bunker Hill 
rises this tower of memory, and fitting it is that inlaid as you 
enter, is the marble tablet bearing the names of the fallen heroes. 
And future generations as they ascend its heights or gaze within, 
must learn the lesson of true patriotism. There are no influ- 
ences more subtle, more lasting than those which proceed from 
the monuments of valor, worth and self-sacrifice, and the nation 
that does not thus keep, its youth at school to patriotism, 
courage and public duty, and the knowledge and praise of heroic 
goodness, must not expect to rear generations that shall main- 
tain what their noble predecessors have won for them. 

But Fort Griswold monument celebrates a peculiar and 
altogether an exalted kind of worth. Over one-half of those 
who fell, according to a statement made by the granddaughter of 
the pastor of the Congregational church in this town at the time 



24 

of the battle, Rev. Aaron Kinne, were members of the church of 
which I am to-day his successor and pastor, and I should do a 
great injustice if I did not speak of my predecessor, the honored 
chaplain of these fallen heroes. 

True, he did not fall with the many of his church, to breathe 
his life away weltering in his gore. For many years afterward 
we find him the devoted and . beloved pastor of this people, A 
scholar of no mean order. Devoted to duty, despising hard- 
ships, he did far more than most of us would care to undertake 
to-day. Think of him during the great conflict in which he 
could have been seen carrying his flag of truce, going where 
duty called, administering not only to the spiritual wants of his 
people, but binding up their wounds. Think of his visits from 
house to house, and in nearly, if not all, finding it far worse 
than when the angel of the Lord passed over Egypt ; for not 
only the eldest but all the support had been slain. Wives and 
mothers weeping for their lost ones, and would not be comforted 
because they were not. Tongue cannot tell nor pencil paint the 
anguish of those times. Never did a minister called of God 
more faithfully discharge the duties of his office. And long may 
the acts of this true servant of God live fresh and green in the 
memory of this people. 

And now let us guard well our sublime and holy trust, pur- 
chased at so great a price. Should the unrighteous hand of 
political ambition ever for a day succeed in removing our ark of 
civil and religious freedom, may worse than Assyrian calamities 
afflict the plunderers till our heavenly treasure be restored. 
Should hviman liberty ever be driven from our shores, may she 
find Hke Noah's dove no rest for the sole of her foot, till she 
return and find a glad people ready to receive her and love her. 
Let each one as an American, a man and a Christian be true to 
himself, that is to his knowledge and his privileges. He who is 
thus true to himself will be true to his fellow man, his country 
and his God. 




/f^^ ^^^it^c^rfCrrn^ 




25 

The National air by the Third Regiraent Band was the next 
number on the programme. When the echo of the music had 
died away Mr. Stark came to the front again to announce the 
poem by Mrs. Rose Hawthorne Lathrop. "Valor and patriotism 
in every age — in every clime — have been the inspiring theme of 
the poetic muse. To grace the present occasion one of the fair 
daughters of New England has woven a garland of poesy to 
decorate the fame of our heroes. The poetic tribute by Mrs. 
Rose Hawthorne Lathrop will now be offered by her husband, 
Mr. George Parsons Lathrop." 

The poem, read by Mr. Lathrop, is given below. Its senti- 
ment rose to the height of the occasion and its impressive 
delivery was listened to by those within hearing with unusually 
close attention. 

THE POETIC TRIBUTE BY MRS. LATHROP. 

What if upon our fortune should be sprung 

A day of war ? 

Would not a stirring sound be flung 

Of martial summons in a gush — 

Keen brazen blare and drumroll's rush — 

Upon the air's salt breath ? 

But not with joy of music they were drawn, 

Whose sorrow we remember to their death. 

As in a garden, with the winter near, 

Another flower 

And yet another gives us cheer, 

Strong, fresh, unflinching in the frost ; — 

So, — after all the year had cost 

In men, — who doubts that still 

The flower of manhood rallied here, to die, 

Or triumph in the mercy of God's will ? 

When on the harbor rose the early sails 

(A pallid host 

Bringing a dastard), ghostly veils 

Swept from the sea, in hushing flow, 

A spiritual sigh. Did nature know 

The end ? Soft mist delayed 

The hostile fleet, which hovered, gently dim : 

Yet from this vision burst the savage raid. 



26 



If in an honest cause a traitor leads, 

His faithless code 

Spreads murder, where the valorous deeds 

Of war were just. There was a man. 

Soon shackled with the whole world's ban, 

Whom England found that day 

To point his fellow countrymen to their graves. 

From this dark name all honor turns away ! 

Down by the woodside there, a grave is set. 

Silent, severe : 

Ledyard's. And on that ground are met 

The life that courage gives, the gain — 

Won by the fallen, mangled, slain — 

From woe how sharp, how long 

We may not gauge who never felt the sword, 

Up to whose hilt his breast endured the wrong. 

About this fort, — that held a hundred men 

Who drew not back, — 

There flashed like silver, now and again, 

From the safe, foliaged hills the guns 

Of neighbors who (so history runs) 

Declared themselves to stand 

Ready to fight, and save their cherished lives ; 

But not to die for their young native land. 

And near this fort, guarded by dauntless men 

Looking at bay 

The close-swarmed enemy in the glen ; — 

Those who were craftier hurried away 

Their household goods and gains all day : 

Up the bright river fled 

Lithe ships with luxuries laden for the morrow. 

But in this fort, heroes their hearts' blood shed. 

For in this fort America was loved. 

It seemed disgrace 

To clutch at reasons to be moved 

By less than their land's hope, or pride 

Of manhood laboring at God's side. 

What comes to men who choose 

Generous right ? Alas, all story tells 

These lose the most. Right, only, does not lose. 



27 

Quick aim, fierce shot ; the fort has wielded death I 

A madness sprang 

From the besiegers. Hark, what saith 

That dying soul there by the gate, 

"Who wallows in his British hate, 

And craves blood for his thirst ? 

*• Put every man to death ! " With such a cry 

Montgomery died, by his own lips accurst. 

The bell of carnage was knolled forth by him ! 

Assassins now 

Instead of soldiers, leaped the rim 

Of the defended ramparts. Where 

Our troop stood firmly, thrilled the glare 

From, their foes' deadly eyes 

Shrewdly withdrawn, observing from afar, 
Arnold's fell gaze followed his new allies. 

Red as a poppy -field in slumb'rous bloom 
This place became. 

Hear the swift hurrying of that doom 
Which in a moment lashed the forms 
Of patriots, like the senseless storms 
Our shores have seen, black-blown. 
Instantly lifting up the measured waves 
Into a turmoil with white fury strown ! 

Sad in defeat, but fearless, frank and cool, 

Ledyard advanced : 

And, with the inexorable rule 

Of vanquished battle in accord, 

Gave up his honorable sword 

To its first touch of shame — 

Shame at the hand of him who took it now, 

But never dared his wretched part to claim. 

As lightning falls, the sword sank in that breast 

That loved the blade ; 

Dashed like a serpent's feng in quest 

Of the life's core which proudly made 

Ledyard a man. When he was laid, 

Dead with his smile in death. 

Upon that spot so many eyes have sought. 

Who doubts that upward rose his smiling wraith ? 



28 

Above the moil of life, in this clear air 

"Where salt winds play, 

"Where round us gleam the wide views fair 

With blue and silver of the sea, 

A massacre there was to be 

Such as harsh fate has hurled 

"When plague strides onward, meeting groups of souls 

"With force that strikes them low, dead to this world. 

A plague kills once ! These murderers struck again 

For twenty times 

The sinking bodies of our men, 

"Who, — thus surprised by sudden blight 

Of devil's malice when the fight 

Had closed by law of war, — 

Bathed this broad mound with blood, and quenched 

the spark 
Of powder till its flame could live no more. 

Dead was the father, brave to bring his child 

To fight for us : 

Dead was the boy who in the wild 

Havoc, could answer, " Never fear!" 

Dead, dead and dying many, dear 

As dearest ones who come. 

Today, to lend their pity to the woe 

"Which found upon this hilltop lasting home. 

Not all were dead, not every note had wailed 

Its burden drear 

In the funereal chant that hailed 

This dark-wreathed sacrificial hour, 

"When misery smote with varied power 

The chords of agonies deep. 

Across the river's wide and shivering breast, 

Heard ghostly shrill and cold, the echoes creep 

Of those grim shrieks the world may seldom hear 

Of bravery ; 

As bounding down the hill-slope sheer 

The ammunition wagon goes. 

Heaped with our wounded in the throes 

Of bodies pierced and torn. 

I hear the echo of that echo now ; 

And it shall sound for ages yet to mourn. 



29 

Hope was not dead. The morning's rising sheen 

Lit up the brows 

Of women, trembling o'er the scene 

With stern devotion, as they found 

Strange shapes in writhing clusters wound, 

And faces they knew not, 

Although the faces were their loved ones' own. 

Then hope was dead, and happiness was forgot. 

If love we give, and if our tears should flow 

Upon this earth 

Where England dealt her cruel blow. 

Still, to defeat we need not kneel. 

Our radiant flag the dust might feel ; — 

Yet, when disaster came, 

Who won the day ? The men who slaughtered men. 

Or those who, dying, have been crowned by fame ? 

The reading of Mrs. Lathrop's "patriotic garland of poesy" 
brought the exercises near the end of the programme. The 
anthem, "America," was sung by members of the Groton choir, 
the band and audience swelling out the melody so pleasingly 
that the hum of conversation ceased and those who did not sing 
were compelled to listen. "Auld Lang Syne" by the Third 
Regiment Band, and the benediction by Rev. W. L. Peck, 
completed the exercises from the platform. 

THE ROUTE TO THE PERRY. 

When the exercises were over the battery of regulars from 
Fort Trumbull fired three volleys, the sharp reports awakening 
the echoes of the Groton hills and reverberating to the Sound. 
Then the line was again formed within the fort in the order in 
which it was entered and the companies were ordered to proceed 
on the return march. The route to the ferry was through Cot- 
tage street so as to bring the procession alongside and within 
view of the ancient cemetery in which the body of Colonel 
Ledyard was interred. 

On arrival at Morgan's wharf the military proceeded on 
board the steamer Munnatawket, which the executive committee 
provided for transportation to New London and thus left the 



cr 



30 

ferryboat free to accommodate the public. The companies were 
landed at the Munnatawket's wharf, in this city, for the pur- 
pose of making a short parade. 

THE PARADE IN THIS CITY. 

In the order in which the procession proceeded to Fort 
Griswold, with the Third Regiment Band leading, the route was 
up State to Broad, through Broad to Hempstead, to Bulkeley 
place, to Richards, thus passing the old burying ground from 
which Benedict Arnold is said to have stood and watched the 
landing of the British troops and the subsequent events across 
the river as far as they came within his vision. 

Passing through Bulkeley square the route was through 
Huntington to State, where the parade was reviewed from the 
Court-house steps by the ' naval officers who had been in 
carriages and the civic authorities. 

On State street, near Bank, the soldiers from Fort Trumbull 
drew up in line and presented arms while the naval battalion 
passed with arms aport to the boats in waiting to transport them 
back to their respective ships. 

The commemorative exercises were carefully planned, and 
considering the disadvantages of a forced postponement, success- 
fully carried out from beginning to end with credit to all who 
participated. The kindness of Admiral Gherardi in famishing 
the marine battalion and the co-operation of the commandant 
of Fort Trumbull, added materially to the success of the event. 
Aside from the centennial observance the programme of yester- 
day was far superior in every respect to any that preceded, not 
excepting that of 1826 when the corner stone of the monument 
was laid. 



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